Method of determining a protein in a sample

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method of determining a protein in a sample and the use of the method for the identification of aptamer target proteins.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/258,962, filed on Sep. 7, 2016, which application is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/416,450, filed on Jan. 22, 2015,which is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 ofInternational Application No. PCT/EP2013/065690, filed on Jul. 25, 2013,which claims priority to EP12178091.0, filed on Jul. 26, 2012, thedisclosures of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

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FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of determining a protein in asample. Particularly, the present invention relates to a methodutilizing a functionalized aptamer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Aptamers are versatile, single stranded oligonucleotides that can beemployed for the molecular recognition of different target structuresvia a strategy called Systematic Evolution of Ligands via EXponentialenrichment (SELEX). Traditionally, aptamers were evolved against smallmolecules or proteins, and subsequently modified to enable applicationin a variety of in vitro assays. However, in recent years both theselection and application of aptamers has progressed towardsconsiderably more complex targets such as cells, tissue slices or evenlive organisms. The target structures can be bound with high selectivityand affinity without knowledge of the actual molecule that is recognizedby the aptamer. On the other hand, once an aptamer for targets of suchcomplexity has been identified, this lack of knowledge immediately turnsinto a severe disadvantage, as it prevents further advancements, forexample, as an analytical tool or as a biomarker for certain diseasestates. These restrictions require technologies that allow for therational identification of unknown target molecules of an aptamer.Especially, the proteome-wide profiling or target identification ofaptamers is not well established.

To identify aptamer targets photo-crosslinking of aptamers byphotoreactive 5-iododeoxyuridines incorporated in an aptamer was used.However, the method suffers from a loss in affinity observed whenintroducing photoreactive nucleotides into an aptamer and requirestedious optimization of the position of the crosslinker moiety.Moreover, as this approach requires similar optimizations for otheraptamer/target pairs, its general applicability is limited.

Therefore, the object underlying the present invention was to provide amethod that allows for the identification of aptamer target structures.Especially it was an object of the present invention to provide a methodthat avoids optimization for each aptamer/target pair.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The problem is solved by a method of determining a protein in a sample,comprising the steps of:

(a) Providing an aptamer, which is functionalized at the 5′-end with alabeling reagent comprising a photo-activatable crosslinking moiety, alabeling moiety, and a linker moiety connecting the labeling reagent tothe 5′-end of the aptamer;

(b) Incubating a sample comprising an aptamer target protein with thefunctionalized aptamer of step (a);

(c) Irradiating the sample with ultraviolet light for crosslinking theaptamer via the photo-activatable crosslinking moiety to the protein;and

(d) Determining the protein via the labeling moiety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The figures which follow serve to illustrate the invention in moredetail but do not constitute a limitation thereof.

FIG. 1A shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the methodaccording to the invention. FIG. 1B shows the structure of an aptamerfunctionalized at the 5′-end with Sulfo-SBED, which is attached via ahexyl-group to the 5′-site of the aptamer.

FIGS. 2A-B show the binding of trCLN3 to the target protein c-Met. FIG.2A shows the result of the filter retention assay in which increasingconcentrations of 5′-functionalized variants of trCLN3 competed withradiolabeled trCLN3 for binding to the target protein c-Met. FIG. 2Bshows the Western blot analysis of cross-linking between5′-functionalized trCLN3 (ABAL-t:rCLN3) and c-Met (left panel) ascompared to a non-binding point mutant of the aptamer trCLN3 (rightpanel).

FIGS. 3A-B show the binding of D17.4 to the target protein IgE. FIG. 3Ashows the result of the filter retention assay in which increasingconcentrations of 5′-functionalized variants of D17.4 competed withradiolabeled D17.4 for binding to the target protein IgE. FIG. 3B showsthe Western blot analysis of cross-linking between 5′-functionalizedD17.4 (ABAL-D17.4) and IgE (left panel) as compared to a non-bindingscrambled sequence of the aptamer D17.4 (right panel).

FIGS. 4A-B show the binding of C10.35 to the target protein cytohesin-2.FIG. 4A shows the result of the filter retention assay in whichincreasing concentrations of 5′-functionalized variants of C10.35competed with radiolabeled C10.35 for binding to the target proteincytohesin-2. FIG. 4B shows the Western blot analysis of cross-linkingbetween 5′-functionalized C10.35 (ABAL-C10.35) and cytohesin-2 (leftpanel) as compared to a non-binding point mutant of the aptamer C10.35(right panel).

FIGS. 5A-B show the photo-affinity labeling of c-Met on the surface ofH1838 cells. FIG. 5A shows light microscopy images of magnetic beadbinding to H1838 cells incubated with 5′-functionalized trCLN3(ABAL-trCLN3), FIG. 5B a 5′-functionalized non-binding G25A point-mutantof trCLN3 (ABAL-t:rCLN3 G25A), and FIG. 5C no aptamer. The scale barsindicate 25 μm.

FIG. 6 shows Western Blot analysis of the supernatant (Sn) or bead (B)fractions of samples treated with 5′-functionalized trCLN3 (ABAL-trCLN3)(1), 5′-functionalized non-binding G25A point-mutant of trCLN3(ABAL-trCLN3 G25A) (2) or no aptamer (−) in presence or absence of UVirradiation. Sample L contains H1838 cell lysate without aptamer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying description below. Although any methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods andmaterials are now described. Other features, objects, and advantages ofthe invention will be apparent from the description. In thespecification, the singular forms also include the plural unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, alltechnical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning ascommonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which thisinvention belongs. In the case of conflict, the present Specificationwill control.

The problem is solved by a method of determining a protein in a sample,comprising the steps

(a) Providing an aptamer, which is functionalized at the 5′-end with alabeling reagent comprising a photo-activatable crosslinking moiety, alabeling moiety, and a linker moiety connecting the labeling reagent tothe 5′-end of the aptamer;

(b) Incubating a sample comprising an aptamer target protein with thefunctionalized aptamer of step (a);

(c) Irradiating the sample with ultraviolet light for crosslinking theaptamer via the photo-activatable crosslinking moiety to the protein;and

(d) Determining the protein via the labeling moiety.

The method allows for the rational identification of aptamer targetstructures within complex samples. The functionalization of the 5′-endmakes the method easily applicable to the multitude of existingaptamers. Highly efficient and specific cross-linking of aptamer-proteinpairs with large differences in secondary structure was achieved withoutloss in affinity. The method hence provides a general strategy usablefor a variety of aptamer/target structures.

Advantageously, the loss in affinity commonly observed when introducingphotoreactive nucleotides into an aptamer is prevented by attaching thecrosslinking moiety at the 5′-end of the aptamer. It was observed thatthe binding affinity for the respective protein targets was not alteredafter 5′-modification with the labeling reagent. Surprisingly it wasfound that attaching the crosslinking moiety distant from the boundprotein did not prevent efficient cross-linking.

Positioning of the labeling reagent at the 5′-end of the aptamersurprisingly places the crosslinking moiety sufficiently close to theprotein target to enable efficient cross-linking, yet at the same timedistant enough from the binding site to prevent a loss in affinity.Advantageously, the invention provides an efficient aptamer-basedaffinity labeling of proteins.

The crosslinking of a photo-activatable crosslinking moiety can beinitiated by irradiation with ultraviolet light, which provides areactive species that can covalently link the functionalized aptamer tothe protein. This provides a second or cross-linking further to theaffinity-based linking of the aptamer to its protein target. Inpreferred embodiments, the photo-activatable crosslinking moiety isselected from the group comprising aryl azides, diazirine derivativessuch as 3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyl-diazirine, benzophenone, andbenzophenone derivatives.

Aryl azides are also called phenyl azides. Upon photolysis, aryl azidesform short-lived nitrenes that react nonspecifically by initiatingaddition reactions with double bonds or insertion into C—H and N—H sitesor undergo ring expansion and react with nucleophiles, especiallyamines. Using a photoreactive phenyl azide crosslinker a nonselectivecoupling to the target protein can be provided. Diazirines are a classof organic molecules comprising a carbon bound to two nitrogen atomswhich are double-bonded to each other, forming a three-membered ring.Diazirines can easily and efficiently be activated with long-wave UVlight of 330-370 nm. Upon photo-activation diazirines provide a carbenewhich can form covalent bonds through addition reactions with any aminoacid side chain or peptide backbone at distances corresponding to thespacer arm lengths of the labeling reagent. Diazirines can provide aless reactive but more specific coupling. Preferred are3-aryldiazirines, especially diazirine derivatives such as3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyl-diazirine (TPD).

The labeling moiety provides for the determination or detection of theprotein. The labeling moiety can be a part of a specific binding pair.Such a labeling moiety can have the function of an anchor moiety.Specific binding pairs used conventionally in biological assays are forexample biotin, which can bind with avidin/streptavidin, neutravidin, oran anti-biotin antibody. In preferred embodiments, the labeling moietyis selected from the group comprising biotin and desthiobiotin.

A linker moiety connects the labeling reagent to the 5′-end of theaptamer. The linker moiety can provide that the crosslinking moiety issufficiently close to the protein target to enable an efficientcross-linking but is distant enough from the aptamer to prevent a lossin aptamer affinity to the protein. Further, a certain length of thelinker moiety can be required when steric effects dictate a distancebetween the potential reaction sites for crosslinking.

In preferred embodiments, the linker moiety provides a spacer arm lengthof about 6 Å to 45 Å, preferably about 9 Å to 40 Å, more preferablyabout 12 Å to 30 Å, particularly about 20 Å to 30 Å, between the 5′-endof the aptamer and the crosslinking moiety. As used herein, the term“spacer arm length” refers to the molecular span i.e. the distancebetween the 5′-end of the aptamer and the crosslinking moiety, orbetween the crosslinking moiety and the labeling moiety. A single bondbetween carbon atoms has a length of about 1.5 Å. A spacer arm lengthsof about 6 Å to 45 Å roughly corresponds to a chain length of about 4 to30 carbon or hetero atoms. A shorter linker moiety might influence theaptamer affinity to the protein, while a longer linker moiety mightreduce efficient cross-linking. The linker moiety can have incorporatedhetero atoms, for example resulting from the binding reaction of thecrosslinking moiety, to the labeling reagent, or the binding site of thelabeling reagent to the aptamer.

The linker moiety can be provided by the labeling reagent, for exampleif the labeling reagent has a chain-like molecule part up to thecrosslinking moiety, which provides a sufficient spacer arm length.Preferably, the linker moiety comprises a linker separate from thelabeling reagent. The linker can be provided by an alkyl-chain, whichpreferably is a linear and/or unsaturated chain. The alkyl linker can bea linear saturated C₂-C₁₀ alkyl group, preferably a C₄-C₈ alkyl group,more preferably a C₅-C₆ alkyl group. Alkyl chains can be incorporated atthe 5′-position of an aptamer via Phosphoramidite Synthesis of theaptamer sequence. The linker moiety alternatively can be provided bylinear polyethylene glycol (PEG)-units. Preferred are PEG-unitsaccording to formula HO—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—H wherein n preferably is 1 to 5,particularly 2 to 3 or 4.

Preferably, the labeling moiety is placed at a certain distance to thecrosslinking moiety. Preferably, the labeling reagent provides a spacerarm length of about 9 Å to 30 Å, preferably about 12 Å to 20 Å betweenthe crosslinking moiety and the labeling moiety. A spacer arm length ofabout 9 Å preferably of about 12 Å to 20 Å or 12 Å to 30 Å can providethat the labeling moiety may not disturb the crosslinking when reactingwith its binding partner.

In preferred embodiments, the labeling reagent isSulfosuccinimidyl-2-[6-(biotinamido)-2-(p-azidobenzamido)hexanoamido]ethyl-1,3′-dithiopropionate (Sulfo-SBED). Sulfo-SBED iscommercially available for example from Thermo Scientific. Sulfo-SBED isa trifunctional crosslinking reagent containing a biotin, a sulfonatedN-hydroxysuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS) active ester and a photoactivatablearyl azide. The NHS ester can react with primary amine groups of theamino acids at the 5′-position of the aptamer that can be incorporatedvia Phosphoramidite Synthesis of the aptamer sequence, to form covalentamide bonds. It is preferred that the aptamer is functionalized at the5′-end with Sulfo-SBED. An aptamer 5′-functionalized with Sulfo-SBEDprovides a phenyl azide moiety for cross-linking, which could be changedfor other crosslinkers such as diazirine derivatives, and also containsa biotin residue that can be employed for determining theaptamer-protein conjugate. For example, the biotin residue can beemployed for enriching the aptamer-protein conjugate by incubating withavidin or streptavidin beads. Hence, the method can be used for theenrichment of a target protein from complex mixtures.

The counter binding reagent for the labeling moiety can befluorescence-labeled. A fluorescence-labeling, for example provided byfluorescence-labeled neutravidin, can provide a visualization of thecrosslinked aptamer protein complex by light microscopy. Further, thecounter binding reagent of the labeling moiety can be attached to anantibody or beads, particularly magnetic beads. Counter binding reagentsof the labeling moiety attached to an antibody provide for adetermination of the target protein via Western Blot analysis. Further,target proteins can be visualized using fluorescence-labeled secondantibodies.

Streptavidin-coated beads can be added after the cross-linking. Inpreferred embodiments, the method comprises the step of incubating abiotin-labeled cross-linked aptamer-protein complex formed in step (c)by with avidin-, neutravidin-, or streptavidin-coated magnetic beads.Subsequent incubation with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads allows thepurification of the crosslinked aptamer-protein complex. Particularly, alabeling of cells with magnetic beads also expands the repertoire ofmethods for magnetic cell sorting. Further, a labeling reagentcontaining a biotin residue can be employed for enriching theaptamer-protein conjugate by incubating with avidin or streptavidinbeads.

Determining a target protein can correspond to identifying unknowntarget proteins, for example for proteome-wide profiling or targetidentification of aptamers, or determining the amount of a known orunknown target protein. Determining a target protein can also correspondto visualizing a target protein by light microscopy or Western blotting.

The incubation of an aptamer target protein with the functionalizedaptamer serves for the affinity binding of the aptamer to the protein.Conditions for affinity binding widely depend on the nature of aptamerand protein, and temperature and time can vary. For example, samples canbe incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Irradiating the sample withultraviolet light serves for the crosslinking of the aptamer via thephotoactivatable crosslinking moiety to the target protein. Conditionsfor crosslinking widely depend on the crosslinking moiety, andtemperature and time can vary. For example, samples can be illuminatedat 365 nm for 10 minutes, preferably under cooling on ice.

The functionalized aptamer can provide an efficient aptamer-basedlabeling reagent for the respective aptamer target protein. The broadapplicability of the aptamer-based affinity labeling of proteins wasconfirmed using different aptamer-protein pairs employing aptamersrepresenting a diversity of motifs of secondary structures such asG-quadruplexes, hairpin-loops, or internal bulges, and usingaptamer-protein pairs that vastly differ in the cellular environment inwhich their respective target primarily resides, namely at the cellsurface, in the blood stream, and in the cytoplasm.

Suitable aptamers are for example C10.35 (SEQ ID NO: 1), D17.4 (SEQ IDNO: 3), and trCLN3 (SEQ ID NO: 5). These aptamers bind to the targetproteins cytohesin-2, immunoglobulin E (IgE), and c-Met, respectively.

The method can be applied to a broad variety of aptamer/proteincomplexes. Advantageously, the ability to specifically and reliablycross-link targets in complex media allows for a wide diversity ofsamples of biological structures. Especially, the method is not limitedto purified protein samples, but extendable to highly complex biologicalcontexts such as cellular lysate or even directly at the membranes ofliving cells. Hence, the sample can be a protein sample of a cell,tissue or organism, a cellular lysate, or a tissue slice. A sample alsocan be a living cell, a cell organelle, or a membrane of living cells orcell organelles. Especially, a sample can be a membrane or surface of acell or cell organelle such as exosomes or microsomes.

As used herein, the term “sample” refers to any material, which probablycontains target proteins which can be determined, including any liquidor fluid sample or solid material, particularly a sample derived from abiological source. The term sample particularly refers to biologicalmaterial, for example cells, cell organelles, or tissues, or extracts ofany of the foregoing, biological fluids, biological molecules, orsupernatants.

Advantageously, cross-linking of the functionalized aptamer to itstarget protein is possible in complex mixtures of different proteins.The method opens up the opportunity to be directly applied to cellsurface proteins in the context of living cells.

In preferred embodiments, step (d) includes determining a protein in acell, or in an exosome, or in a circulating microvesicle. In furtherpreferred embodiments, step (d) includes determining a protein on thesurface of a cell, or of an exosome, or of a circulating microvesicle.

As used herein, the term “exosome” refers to small vesicles secreted bya wide range of mammalian cell types. Exosomes can be released from acell when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. The term“circulating microvesicles” refers to larger vesicular bodies, which arefragments of plasma membrane shed from almost all cell types.Circulating microvesicles are released by a number of cell types duringcellular activation and apoptosis and supposedly play a role inintercellular communication. The identification of these vesicles hasopened a new era in the understanding of cell signaling and the processof molecular communication between cells. Especially human body fluidscan contain exosomes and circulating microvesicles.

The method can crosslink aptamers to their target structures in alight-dependent and highly specific manner. Theaptamer-protein-complexes can be enriched in vitro, from a cellularlysate or from the surface of living cells. The method allows one tostudy aptamer interactions in a variety of biological contexts.

Advantageously, the method further provides for a proteome-wideprofiling or target identification of aptamers. Another aspect of theinvention relates to a use of the method for the identification ofaptamer target proteins, particularly for the identification of aptamertarget proteins in the proteome of cells, tissue or organisms.Especially, the method can be used for the identification of proteins ofexosomes or circulating microvesicles.

The term “proteome” as used herein refers to the entire set of proteinsexpressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism. More specifically, theterm proteome refers to the set of expressed proteins in a given type ofcells or an organism at a given time under defined conditions. The term“proteome” also is used to refer to the collection of proteins incertain sub-cellular biological systems. A cellular proteome is thecollection of proteins found in a particular cell type under aparticular set of environmental conditions.

The methods also can be useful for complexes between an aptamer and aknown target, for example for target validation inside cells. In anotherembodiment, the method is usable for target validation inside cells.

The method further opens up the opportunity to be directly applied tocell surface proteins in the context of living cells. This augments therepertoire of the method for specific cell surface labeling. In afurther embodiment, the method is usable for cell surface labeling, orthe labeling of exosomes or circulating microvesicles.

The method can comprise the incubation of a biotin-labeled cross-linkedaptamer-protein complex with avidin-, neutravidin-, orstreptavidin-coated magnetic beads. The labeling of cells with magneticbeads also expands the repertoire of the method for magnetic cellsorting.

Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of the methodincluding incubation of a biotin-labeled cross-linked aptamer-proteincomplex with avidin-, neutravidin-, or streptavidin-coated magneticbeads for magnetic cell sorting.

FIG. 1A shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the methodof determining a protein in a sample. An aptamer 1 which isfunctionalized at the 5′-end with a labeling reagent containing aphoto-activatable crosslinking moiety 3, which can be a phenyl azide,and a labeling moiety 4, which can be biotin, is incubated with a targetprotein 2. The aptamer 1 binds via affinity binding to the protein 2. Ina next step the aptamer-protein complex 7 is irradiated with ultravioletlight (hν) for crosslinking the aptamer via the photoactivatablecrosslinking moiety 3 to the protein 2. The protein can be determined byincubating the labeled cross-linked aptamer-protein complex 7 withmagnetic beads 5 coated with a counter binding reagent 6, which can bestreptavidin. Via binding of the labeling moiety 4 to the counterbinding reagent 6 the aptamer-protein complex is attached to the beads.This allows for magnetic cell sorting.

FIG. 1B shows the structure of an aptamer functionalized at the 5′-endwith Sulfo-SBED, which contains a phenyl azide 3 and a biotin 4, andwhich is attached via a hexyl-group linker 8 to the 5′-site of theaptamer.

Unless otherwise defined, the technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs.

The examples which follow serve to illustrate the invention in moredetail but do not constitute a limitation thereof.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Aptamers according to Table 1, both unfunctionalized and functionalizedwith a hexylamine at the 5′ site, were purchased in HPLC purified formfrom Metabion (Martinsried, Germany). The lyophilized samples weredissolved in double distilled H₂O (ddH₂O) to a concentration of 100 μM.

TABLE 1 Sequences of the individual aptamers Aptamer name SequenceC10.35/ 5′-ACTCGGGAGGACTGCTTAGGATTGCG SEQ ID NO: 1 AACCCGGGT-3′C10.35 C15T/ 5′-ACTCGGGAGGACTGTTTAGGATTGCG SEQ ID NO: 2 AACCCGGGT-3′D17.4/ 5′-GGGGCACGTTTATCCGTCCCTCCTAG SEQ ID NO: 3 TGGCGTGCCCC-3′D17.4sc/ 5′-CCAGCTGGCTCACCGTTCGCGCTAGG SEQ ID NO: 4 GCTTTCCGTCG-3′trCLN3/ 5′-TGGATGGTAGCTCGGTCGGGGTGGGT SEQ ID NO: 5 GGGTTGGCAAGTCT-3′trCLN3 G25A/ 5′-TGGATGGTAGCTCGGTCGGGGTGGAT SEQ ID NO: 6GGGTTGGCAAGTCT-3′

The Sec7 domain was expressed in E. coli and purified as described in X.Bi et al., Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 9707-9710; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008, 47, 9565. IgE was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom)and c-Met-Fc, which represents the ectodomain of c-Met fused to the Fedomain of human IgG₁ was bought at R&D Systems (Wiesbaden, Germany).

H1838 cells and HF460 cells were both cultured in RPMI 1640 (PAA, Colbe,Germany) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Lonza, Verviers,Belgium).

Filter Retention Assays

Affinities and IC₅₀ values were determined using dot blot filterretention assays. First, aptamers C10.35, D17.4 and trCLN3 wereradioactively labeled via addition of a ³²P at the 5′ site. A 20 μLsolution containing 50 pmol aptamer, 6.7 pmol γ-³²P ATP and 20 U T4Polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) in1× Polynucleotide buffer was incubated for 1 h at 37° C., followed byremoval of unreacted γ-³²P ATP using an Illustra™ Microspin™ G-25 column(GE Healthcare, Mûnchen, Germany). The purity of the radiolabeledaptamer was confirmed using a 10% PAGE-gel, which was also used todetermine the percentage of radioactive signal caused by the aptamer.

To determine the affinity, ˜10 fmol of radiolabeled aptamer wasincubated with protein dilution series for 30 min at 37° C. in 25 μL ofbuffer containing 1 mg/ml E. coli tRNA (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), 1μg/ml BSA, 3 mM MgCl₂ in PBS, pH 7.4. For Sec7, 0.005% Triton X-100 wasadded and for c-Met-Fc, 1 mg/ml of BSA was used instead of 1 μg/ml. Theaptamer-protein complexes were captured on a Protran™ nitrocellulosemembrane (GE Healthcare) that was pre-incubated in 0.4 M KOH for 10minutes, followed by washing with ddH₂O and PBS containing 3 mM MgCl₂,pH 7.4. After addition of the aptamer-protein solution, the filter waswashed 4 times with PBS containing 3 mM MgCl₂, pH 7.4. Radioactivity wasquantified using a Fujifilm Fla-3000 PhosphorImager and AIDA softwarepackage. The percentage of bound aptamer was calculated using equation1:

$\begin{matrix}{{\%\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{bound}\mspace{14mu}{aptamer}} = {{\frac{{cpm}_{sample} - {cpm}_{background}}{\left( {{cpm}_{total} - {cpm}_{background}} \right) \cdot n} \cdot 100}\%}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

in which cpm_(sample) is the radioactive signal of the sample ofinterest and cpm_(background) the signal of the control sample withoutradioactive aptamer and n the correction factor for the amount ofradioactive signal arising from the aptamer. Cpm_(total) is the totalradioactive signal, obtained from a dot blot of the radioactive aptamersolution on the nitrocellulose membrane without subsequent washing. TheK_(d)'s were determined via equation (2) using Graphpadprism software,assuming a single binding event and no cooperativity in binding

$\begin{matrix}{{\%\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{bound}\mspace{14mu}{aptamer}} = {{a \cdot \frac{x}{x + K_{d}}} + b}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In (2), x is the protein concentration in mol·l⁻¹, K_(d) is the bindingaffinity in M and a and b are constants that are included in the fit.

IC₅₀'s were obtained using a similar filter retention assays, yet inwhich ˜10 fmol of aptamer was incubated with a protein concentrationapproximately 2-fold below the determined K_(d) (75 nM for C10.35, 50 nMfor IgE and 20 nM for c-Met-Fc), together with dilution series of eithernon-radioactive, unfunctionalized aptamer or the ABAL-functionalizedvariants of the aptamers. The percentage of the maximal radioactivesignal was determined using equation (3),

$\begin{matrix}{{\%\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{maximum}\mspace{14mu}{signal}} = {{\frac{{cpm}_{sample} - {cpm}_{background}}{{cpm}_{\max} - {cpm}_{background}} \cdot 100}\%}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

in which cpm_(sample) represents the radioactive signal of therespective sample, cpm_(background) the signal in absence ofradiolabeled aptamer and cpm_(max) the signal obtained for a samplecontaining only protein and radiolabeled aptamer. The plots displayingthe percentage of the maximum signal as a function of the amount ofcompeting aptamer were fitted using equation (4) to obtain the IC₅₀, inmol·l⁻¹.

$\begin{matrix}{{\%\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{maximum}\mspace{14mu}{signal}} = {a + \frac{b - a}{1 + 10^{x - {\log{({EC}_{50})}}}}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

In equation (4), x is the amount of competing aptamer in mol·l⁻¹ and aand b are constants that are included in the fit and represent theminimum and maximum percentage, respectively.

Example 1: Generation of the Functionalized Aptamers

Sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-2-(6-[biotinamido]-2-(p-azidobenzamido)-hexanoamido) ethyl-1,3′-dithioproprionate (Sulfo-SBED; ThermoScientific, USA) was freshly dissolved in dry DMSO to a concentration of20 mM. Coupling was performed in brown Eppendorf tubes with a 100-foldexcess of sulfo-SBED in a buffer consisting of 25 mM Hepes, 100 mM NaCl,20% dry DMSO and 40 μM of the respective aptamer.

Purification of the functionalized aptamers was performed on an Agilent1100 series HPLC (Agilent, Bôblingen, Germany) using a C18 Zorbax SB-Aqcolumn (4.6×150 mm; Agilent) by applying a gradient of 0.1 Mtetraethylammoniumacetate (TEAAc) up to 25% acetonitrile. The fractioncontaining the functionalized aptamer was dried overnight using aConcentrator 5301 (Eppendorf, Germany) at 4° C. and the resulting solidwas dissolved in ddH₂O, aliquoted and stored at a concentration of 30-40μM at −20° C. in brown eppendorf tubes.

Example 2: In Vitro Cross-Linking of the 5′-Functionalized AptamertrCLN3 with c-Met

Determined was the cross-linking of the DNA aptamer CLN0003, hereafterreferred to as CLN3, which recognizes the ectodomain of the membraneprotein hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) also known as c-Met.According to the analysis of the inventors, this aptamer has twoG-quadruplex structures. Used was a commercially available fusionprotein between the ectodomain of c-Met and an IgG Fe domain (c-Met-Fc).

A variant of the DNA aptamer CLN3 that was truncated to 40 nucleotidesand hereafter is referred to as trCLN3 (SEQ ID NO: 5) that binds c-Metwith nanomolar affinity was functionalized at its 5′-end with Sulfo-SBEDas labeling reagent as described in Example 1. The resultingfunctionalized aptamer was separated from the excess unreactedSulfo-SBED and unreacted trCLN3 aptamer by reverse phase HPLC.

Incubating the target protein c-Met with the 5′-functionalized aptamertrCLN3 was performed by mixing 250 nM of the aptamer with differentprotein concentrations in a round-bottom polypropylene 96 wells plate(Brand, Wertheim, Germany) using the buffer from the filter bindingexperiments. Samples were covered from light using aluminium foil andincubated at 37° C. for 30 min. Subsequently, control samples without UVlight were stored in the dark at 4° C., whereas crosslinking wasperformed by placing the 96-wells plate containing the remaining sampleson ice and illuminating at 365 nm for 10 minutes using a UVP 3UV lamp(Thermo Scientific, Rockford, USA).

To test the influence of the 5′-functionalisation on aptamer bindingfilter retention assays as described above were performed in which the5′-functionalized aptamer competed with non-derivatized aptamer forbinding to c-Met.

FIG. 2A shows that the IC₅₀ of 5′-functionalized aptamer trCLN3(ABAL-trCNN3) was 50±8 nM, which is similar to the 76±17 nM obtained forthe unlabeled trCLN3. This result demonstrates that functionalization ofthe 5′ site of the aptamer did not affect its binding affinity. FIG. 2Aalso shows that a 5′-functionalized non-binding G25A point-mutant oftrCLN3 (ABAL-trCLN3 G25A, SEQ ID NO: 6) displayed no binding in thetested concentration range. This result established a negative-controland confirmed that no non-specific cross-linking occurred withoutaffinity-binding via the aptamer in the incubation step. This alsoconfirmed the G-quadruplex structure of the aptamer.

Further, the amount of cross-linking of the 5′-functionalized aptamertrCLN3 to purified c-Met was investigated. c-Met was incubated inconcentrations of 0.5 μM, 167 nm, 56 nm and 19 nM with 250 nM of the5′-functionalized aptamer trCLN3 and trCLN3 G25A, followed by UVirradiation at 365 nm. The amount of cross-linking was analyzed usingSDS-PAGE, followed by western blotting using fluorescence-labeledNeutravidin-Dylight™ 800 (Thermo Scientific) to visualize biotinylatedproteins. Anti-penta-his (1:2000, Qiagen) was used to visualize thetotal amount of c-Met-Fc. Goat-anti-mouse-IgG-Dylight™ 800 (ThermoScientific) was used as a secondary antibody. The blots were scanned at800 nm using an Odyssey scanner (Li-cor Biotechnology, Bad Homburg,Germany).

FIG. 2B shows that no cross-linking occurred in the absence of UVirradiation. But after exposure to 365 nm light, a high level ofcross-linking was observed between 5′-functionalized trCLN3 and 0.5 μMc-Met. Even at concentrations as low as 19 nM of c-Met cross-linking wasstill clearly detectable. In contrast, even the highest concentration ofc-Met resulted in very low cross-linking when 5′-functionalized trCLN3G25A was used; quantification of the band intensities at 500 nM c-Metrevealed a 24-fold lower signal as compared to 5′-functionalized trCLN3.

This difference clearly shows that the reaction strictly depends on theaffinity binding of the aptamer combined with crosslinking viaUV-irradiation.

Example 3: Determination of the Cross-Linking Efficiencies of the5′-Functionalized Aptamer Tr.CLN3 with c-Met In Vitro

Cross-linking efficiencies were determined by cross-linking 250 nM ofthe 5′-functionalized aptamer trCLN3 with 0.5 μM of c-Met-Fc asdescribed above, followed by addition of 30 μg MyOne™ streptavidinDynabeads (Invitrogen) to 50 μL of cross-linking sample and transferinto a brown eppendorf tube. This mixture was mixed overnight at 4° C.using a tumble shaker, after which a magnetic rack was used to collectthe supernatant and wash the beads 3 times with 2 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA,0.01% Triton X-100 and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. The beads were thenresuspended in 50 μL PBS. The supernatant, bead fraction and a dilutionseries of purified sec7 were analyzed via Western blots involvinganti-penta-his (1:2000, Qiagen) in combination withanti-mouse-IgG-Dylight™ 800 (1:20000, Thermo Scientific). The bandintensities were quantified using Quantity One™ software (Bio-rad). Adilution series of c-Met showed a linear correlation between proteinconcentration and band intensity and was used to generate a calibrationcurve. The quantified amount of cross-linked protein in the beadfraction was calculated and converted to the amount of cross-linkedaptamer. This value was then divided by the total amount of aptamer toobtain the cross-link efficiency.

A comparison of the total amount of c-Met and the cross-linked c-Metfraction after UV irradiation revealed a cross-linking efficiency ofapproximately 30%. This efficiency is higher than the 5-20% efficienciestypically observed when using aptamers functionalized with 5-bromo- or5-iododeoxyuridine residues, and similar to the efficiency observed withmRNA 2,4-dinitro-5-fluoro phenyl azide.

Thus, the observed high levels of functionalization demonstrate thatpositioning of the labeling reagent at the 5′-end of the aptamer placesthe phenyl azide sufficiently close to the protein target to enableefficient cross-linking, yet at the same time distant enough from thebinding site to prevent a loss in affinity.

Example 4: In Vitro Cross-Linking of the 5′-Functionalized Aptamer D17.4with Immunoglobulin E

To estimate its generality of the method in vitro cross-linking of a5′-functionalized aptamer was repeated using another aptamer/proteinpair using the immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding DNA aptamer D17.4 (SEQ IDNO: 3), whose target primarily resides in the blood stream. Thesecondary structure of the aptamer D17.4 forms a simple hairpin-loopstructure and differs from the secondary structure of the aptamer CLN3.For a non-binding variant to be used as negative control, a scrambledsequence variant D17.4sc (SEQ ID NO: 4) was created. Functionalizationat the 5′-ends of aptamers D17.4 and D17.4sc with Sulfo-SBED as labelingreagent was performed as described in Example 1.

As described in Example 2, incubation of the target protein IgE with the5′-functionalized aptamer D17.4 was performed by mixing 250 nM of theaptamer with different protein concentrations in a round-bottompolypropylene 96 wells plate (Brand, Wertheim, Germany) using the bufferfrom the filter binding experiments. Samples were covered from lightusing aluminum foil and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. Subsequently,control samples without UV light were stored in the dark at 4° C.,whereas crosslinking was performed by placing the 96-wells platecontaining the remaining samples on ice and illuminating at 365 nm for10 minutes using a UVP 3UV lamp (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, USA).

Filter retention assays in which the 5′-functionalized aptamer competedwith the non-functionalized aptamer for binding to IgE were performed asdescribed above to test the influence of the 5′-functionalization onaptamer binding. FIG. 3A shows that the binding affinity for the proteintarget IgE was not altered for the aptamer functionalized at the 5′-endwith Sulfo-SBED (ABAL-D17.4) compared to the non functionalized aptamer(D17.4).

Further, the amount of cross-linking of the 5′-functionalized aptamerD17.4 to IgE was investigated. IgE was incubated in concentrations of0.5 μM, 167 nm, 56 nm and 19 nM with 250 nM of the 5′-functionalizedaptamer D17.4 and D17.4sc, followed by UV irradiation at 365 nm. Theamount of cross-linking was analyzed using SDS-PAGE, followed by Westernblotting using Neutravidin-Dylight™ 800 (Thermo Scientific) to visualizebiotinylated proteins. Anti-IgE (XTE4, mouse monoclonal, 1:500, Abcam)was used to visualize the total amount of IgE. The blots were scanned at800 nm using an Odyssey scanner (Li-cor Biotechnology, Bad Homburg,Germany). FIG. 3B shows that high levels of cross-linking were observedfor the 5′-functionalized aptamer D17.4 (ABAL-D17.4), whereas for thefunctionalized non-binding aptamer variant (ABAL-D17.4sc) marginalcross-linking was detectable at only the highest protein concentrations.Quantification of the cross-linking bands at the highest proteinconcentrations yielded differences in cross-linking of 17-fold betweenD17.4 and its negative control for IgE. This result is similar to theobservation for 5′-functionalized aptamer trCLN3 in Example 2,indicating that the method can potentially be applied to a broad varietyof aptamer/protein complexes.

Example 5: In Vitro Cross-Linking of the 5′-Functionalized AptamerC10.35 with the Sec7 Domain of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorCytohesin-2

In vitro cross-linking of a 5′-functionalized aptamer was repeated usingthe aptamer C10.35 (SEQ ID NO: 1) which binds the Sec7 domain of theguanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-2 (Sec-7), a cytoplasmicprotein required for activating small GTPases and receptor tyrosinekinases, respectively. The secondary structure of the aptamer C10.35comprises a stem with a double bulge. For a non-binding variant to beused as negative control the non-binding point mutant C10.35 C15T (SEQID NO: 2) was used. Functionalization at the 5′-ends of aptamers C10.35and C10.35 C15T with Sulfo-SBED as labeling reagent was performed asdescribed in Example 1.

Incubation of the target protein Sec7 with the 5′-functionalized aptamerC10.35 was performed by mixing 250 nM of the aptamer with differentprotein concentrations at 37° C. for 30 min as described in Examples 2and 4. Crosslinking also was performed on ice by illuminating at 365 nmfor 10 minutes.

Filter retention assays in which the 5′-functionalized aptamer competedwith the non-functionalized aptamer for binding to Sec-7 were performedas described above to test the influence of the 5′-functionalization onaptamer binding. FIG. 4A shows that the binding affinity for the proteintarget Sec-7 was not altered for the aptamer functionalized at the5′-end with Sulfo-SBED (ABAL-C10.35) compared to the non functionalizedaptamer (C10.35).

Further, the amount of cross-linking of the 5′-functionalized aptamerC10.35 to Sec-7 was investigated after incubating 0.5 μM, 167 nm, 56 nmand 19 nM Sec-7 with 250 nM of the 5′-functionalized aptamers C10.35 andC10.35 C15T, followed by UV irradiation at 365 nm using SDS-PAGE,followed by western blotting using Neutravidin-Dylight™ 800 (ThermoScientific) to visualize biotinylated proteins. Anti-penta-his (1:2000,Qiagen) was used to visualize the total amount of Sec7 andgoat-anti-mouse-IgG-Dylight™ 800 (Thermo Scientific) was used as asecondary antibody. The blots were scanned at 800 nm using an Odysseyscanner (Li-cor Biotechnology, Bad Homburg, Germany).

FIG. 4B shows that high levels of cross-linking were observed for the5′-functionalized aptamer C10.35 (ABAL-C10.35), whereas for thefunctionalized non-binding aptamer variant (ABAL-C10.35 C15T) marginalcross-linking was detectable at only the highest protein concentrations.Quantification of the cross-linking bands at the highest proteinconcentrations yielded differences in cross-linking of 7-fold betweenC10.35 and its negative control for Sec-7. This result confirms that themethod can potentially be applied to a broad variety of aptamer/proteincomplexes.

Example 6: Cross-Linking of a 5′-Functionalized Aptamer in a Cell Lysate

The ability to specifically and reliably cross-link targets in complexmedia was determined in a lysate from human H460 cells.

To a cell lysate of H460 cells of a final concentration of 2 mg/ml 250nM of the 5′-functionalized aptamer C10.35 and 1 μM of Sec7 were added.As a control sample 1 μM of Sec7 and 250 nM of the 5′-functionalizednegative control aptamer C10.35 C15T were added to respective lysatesamples. Samples were covered from light using aluminium foil andincubated at 37° C. for 30 min. Subsequently, the samples were placed onice and illuminated at 365 nm for 10 minutes using a UVP 3UV lamp(Thermo Scientific, Rockford, USA).

For visualization of crosslinked products SDS-PAGE, followed by westernblotting using fluorescence-labeled Neutravidin-Dylight™ 800 (ThermoScientific) to visualize biotinylated proteins was used. Anti-penta-his(1:2000, Qiagen) was used to visualize the total amount of Sec7 andgoat-anti-mouse-IgG-Dylight™ 800 (Thermo Scientific) was used as asecondary antibody. The blots were scanned at 800 nm using an Odysseyscanner (Li-cor Biotechnology, Bad Homburg, Germany).

A band corresponding to the molecular weight of Sec7 in the lysate wasdetected, whereas this band was absent when the negative controlABAL-C10.35 C15T was used. This demonstrates that cross-linking of the5′-functionalized aptamer to its target protein is possible in complexmixtures of different proteins.

Example 7: Identification of Aptamer Target Proteins on the Cell Surface

H1838 cells, a non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell line which isknown to overexpress c-Met, were grown in a Ibidi μ-Dish 35 mm, low(Ibidi), and washed twice with PBS prior to addition of PBS containing250 nM of 5′-functionalized trCLN3 aptamer and 1 mg/mL tRNA solution, pH7.4. Control cells were incubated with the 5′-functionalized non-bindingG25A point-mutant of trCLN3 or no aptamer. The cell samples wereincubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. on a tilting platform, followed by 10minutes of irradiation at 365 nm on ice. After addition ofstreptavidin-coated magnetic MyOne™ streptavidin Dynabeads (Invitrogen)to a final concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, the cells were incubated for 1 hat room temperature, washed 1× with PBS and subsequently used formicroscopy imaging. Microscopy images where obtained using an AxioObserver.D1 microscopy (Zeiss) equipped with a Zeiss CD-plan Neofluar40× objective and a PCO Sensicam detector.

FIG. 5A shows the images of magnetic bead binding to H1838 cellsincubated with 5′-functionalized trCLN3 (ABAL-trCLN3), FIG. 5B the5′-functionalized non-binding mutant (ABAL-trCLN3 G25A), and FIG. 5C noaptamer. As is evident from FIG. 5A, cells incubated with the5′-functionalized trCLN3 aptamer ABAL-trCLN3 showed impressivelyenhanced bead binding to their surface. Virtually no bead binding wasobserved when using the 5′-functionalized non-binding mutant, or noaptamer, as can be taken from FIGS. 5B and 5C respectively.

This result not only demonstrates that the identification of aptamertarget proteins can be employed to targets in the context of livingcells, but also shows that the specificity of the method observed invitro is maintained. Furthermore, the efficient labeling of cells withmagnetic beads also expands the repertoire of methods for magnetic cellsorting, which so far was restricted to the introduction of magnetism byantibodies.

Example 8: Enrichment of Target Protein in a Sample

H1838 cells were grown to 70-80%, followed by resuspension usingAlfazyme (PAA, Colbe, Germany). After Alfazyme treatment, the cells werecentrifuged for 5 minutes at 200 g, resuspended in PBS and centrifugedagain at 200 g for 5 minutes. For each sample ˜8×10⁵ cells were used andresuspended in PBS containing 1 mM MgCl₂ and 1 mg/ml tRNA, pH 7.4,together with 5′-functionalized trCLN3 aptamer, the 5′-functionalizednon-binding G25A point-mutant of trCLN3 or no aptamer. Cells wereincubated for 30 min at 37° C. in a tumble shaker followed by placementon ice and exposure to UV light of 365 nm for 10 minutes.

After cross-linking, the sample was transferred to a brown eppendorftube containing 30 μg MyOne™ streptavidin Dynabeads (Invitrogen) andincubated in a tumble shaker for 1 hour at room temperature. Next, lysisbuffer was added to a final concentration of 50 mM Tris, 10 mM MgCl₂,200 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.4, and 1×protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) and placed on ice for 20 min. Usinga magnetic rack, the supernatant was separated from the beads, followedby 2 washes using 2 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100 and 10 mMTris-HCl, pH 7.5 and 1 wash using the same buffer except for 0.01%instead of 1% Triton X-100. The beads were resuspended in PBS, afterwhich the supernatant and bead fraction were used for Western Blotanalysis. Neutravidin-Dylight™ 800 (1:20000; Thermo Scientific) was usedto visualize biotinylated proteins, whereas Met (C-28) antibody (SC-161,Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, USA) was used in combination withfluorescence-labeled goat-anti-rabbit-IgG-Dylight™ 800 (1:20000; ThermoScientific) for c-Met.

FIG. 6 shows the Western Blot analysis of the supernatant (Sn) or bead(B) fractions of samples treated with 5′-functionalized trCLN3(ABAL-trCLN3) (1), 5′-functionalized non-binding G25A point-mutant oftrCLN3 (ABAL-trCLN3 G25A) (2) or no aptamer (−) in presence or absenceof UV irradiation. Sample L contained H1838 cell lysate without aptamer.This shows an enrichment of c-Met when using the 5′-functionalizedtrCLN3 aptamer whereas no band corresponding to c-Met was observed inthe bead fraction when using the G25A mutant.

This further underlines the importance of specific binding incombination the UV-induced crosslinking for the enrichment of the targetprotein from complex mixtures.

Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the artthat such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of labeling a protein in a sample,comprising the steps of: (a) providing an aptamer, which isfunctionalized with a labeling reagent connected to the 5′-end of theaptamer via a linker moiety, wherein the labeling reagent comprises: i)a photo-activatable crosslinking moiety and ii) a labeling moietyselected from the group consisting of biotin and desthiobiotin; (b)incubating the aptamer of step (a) with a sample comprising a targetprotein of the aptamer; and (c) irradiating the sample with ultravioletlight for crosslinking the aptamer via the photo-activatablecrosslinking moiety to the protein, wherein the aptamer is not cleavedby the irradiation; thereby labeling the protein in the sample.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the photo-activatable crosslinking moiety isselected from the group comprising aryl azides (phenyl azide), diazirinederivatives, and benzophenone derivatives.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the linker moiety provides a spacer arm length of about 6 Å to45 Å between the 5′-end of the aptamer and the crosslinking moiety. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the labeling reagent isSulfosuccinimidyl-2-[6-(biotinamido)-2-(p-azidobenzamido)hexanoamido]ethyl-1,3′-dithiopropionate.
 5. The method of claim 1,further comprising incubating the protein labeled in step (c) withavidin-, neutravidin-, or streptavidin-coated magnetic beads.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the protein labeled in step (c) is a purifiedprotein, or a protein in a cell, or an exosome, or a circulatingmicrovesicle.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein labeled instep (c) is a protein on the surface of a cell, a tissue, an exosome, ora circulating microvesicle.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theprotein labeled in step (c) is expressed in the proteome of a cell, atissue or an organism or is localized on exosomes or circulatingmicrovesicles.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting acell, a tissue, an exosome or a circulating microvesicle comprising theprotein labeled in step (c).
 10. The method of claim 5, furthercomprising sorting of the magnetic beads.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the aptamer is functionalized at the 5′-end with the followingstructure:

which is attached to the 5′-end of the aptamer via the alkane chainlinker.
 12. The method of claim 3, wherein the spacer arm length isabout 20 Å to 40 Å.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the methodcomprises incubating the protein labeled in step (c) with a constructcomprising avidin-, neutravidin-, or streptavidin.
 14. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the cell, the tissue, or the organism comprise adisease state, or wherein the exosome or circulating microvesicle areshed from a cell or tissue comprising a disease state.
 15. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the protein is a biomarker of a disease state.
 16. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the diazirine derivative comprises3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyl-diazirine (TPD).
 17. The method of claim 1,further comprising detecting the protein labeled in step (c).
 18. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising determining an amount of theprotein labeled in step (c).
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein thetarget protein of the aptamer is known.
 20. The method of claim 1,wherein the target protein of the aptamer is unknown.
 21. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the sample comprises a biological material, a cell, anorganelle, a tissue, a biological fluid, a biological molecule, anextracts of any of the foregoing, or any combination thereof.